rq;f E}y;fs;; rhjpaj;jpd;
Cw;Wf;fhyh?
KUNfR
ghf;fpaehjd; gp.V> vk;.V
62 Snowling Drive
Ajax, ON
L1Z 0M4,Canada
mwpKfk;
rq;f E}yfs; ahit?
jw;NghJ fpilf;Fk; rq;f
E}y;fs; vd;W Nehf;Fk; NghJ njhy;fhg;gpaNk jw;NghJ ekf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba Kjy;
E}yhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid ,ilr;rq;fj;J E}y; vd;W tifg;gLj;JtH. jw;NghJ
fpilf;ff;$ba Vida rq;f E}y;fshf vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fisAk; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fisAk;
Fwpgplyhk;. ,e;j Ma;Tf;fl;Lilapy; rq;fE}y;fshfpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;Jk;>
vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; rpy fUj;Jf;fSk; nrhw; gad;ghL;;fSk;> vjpH
fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp ,d;W tiu jiytphpj;jhLk; rhjpaj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;ljh vd;gjid
Nehf;FtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
rhjp vd;gJ ahJ?
rhjp vd;gjid Nehf;fpdhy; ,J
,e;J rkaj;jpdhy; tsHj;njLf;fg;gl;l xU ghhpa tpUl;rkhFk;. ,jidj; jkpopdj;jpd;
njhONeha; vd;W$lf; $wyhk;. kf;fspy; xU
gFjpapdiu xJf;fp itj;J mtHfs; rhjpapy; Fiwe;jtHfs; vd;Wk; jPl;L cs;stHfs;
vd;Wk; tpyf;fp itf;fg;glNtz;batHfs; vd;Wk; jPz;ljhfjtHfs; vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. kw;iwNahH r%fj;jpy; caHe;j me;j];jpy; cs;stHfshfTk;
tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. jkpoDf;F rhjp vd;gJ jPuhj tpahjp Nghd;wjhFk;.,J rKjhaj;jpy;
rhjpapd; gphptpidfis ntt;NtW jsq;fspy; vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F xU nfhs;if Nghd;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
ngaNu rhjpak; vdyhk; mjid Mq;fpyj;jpy; Caste
and Castism vd;w
tifapy; mHj;jg;gLj;jyhk;. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy; Ntiyf;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fspYk;
ghlrhiy tpz;zg;gq;fspYk; rhjp gw;wpa tpdh cs;sjidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jid
Nfk;gphp[; Mq;fpy jkpo mfuhjpapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ> rhjp vd;fpd;w gjj;jpw;F Caste vd;fpd;w nrhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; fh];w; vd;w gjk; Mq;fpy mfuhjpapy; ,ilapl;L
te;j xU nrhw;gjkhFk;. ,r;nrhy;ypd; %yk; Nghj;Jf;Nfa nkhopapNyNa Kjypy;
fhzg;gl;lJ. Nghj;Jf;NfaNu Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;jNghJ ,Ue;j rKjha
epiy rhjpaj;ij mbg;gilahf itj;J kf;fspy; xU gFjpapdiu kw;w ,d;ndhU gFjpapdH
mlf;fp xLf;fp thOtjidf; fz;lhHfs;. ,jid mtHfs; rhjpg;gphpT vd;Wk; me;je;jg;
gphptpdUf;Ff; nfhLj;j gy rhjpg;gphptpdiuAk; mwpe;J nfhzljd; fhuzkhf mtHfs;
vOjpa mfuhjpapy; ,r;nrhy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kbtpw;F tuyhk;. rhjp
vd;gjd; tpsf;fkhdJ Nfk;gpwpl;[; mfuhjpapy; gpdtUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. A system of dividing Hindu society into
classes, or any of these classes. rhjp vd;fpd;w gjj;jpid tif> tFg;G>
juhjuk;> vd;w gFg;Gf;Fs; mlf;fyhk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; Kind, Sort, Class, Class of Quality vd;w
tifapYk; $wyhk;. Mdhy; md;whlk; ehk; gad;gLj;Jk;; rhjp vd;w nrhy; r%fj;jpd;
njhopy; mbg;gilapYk; mjidj; njhlHe;J tUk; nghUshjhu mbg;gilapYk; ghFghlhd
Kiwapy; tFf;fg;gl;L mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. MhpaH tFj;j rhjpag; gphpTfshf
rj;jphpaH> gpuhkzH> itrpaH> #j;jpuH vd;w ehd;F gphpTf;Fs;
mlf;fpapUe;jdH.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; r%fg;
gphptpidfs;
njhy;fhg;gpa
nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; fw;gpaypYk;> kugpaypYk;; r%fg; gphpTfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs;
Kjd; Kjyhf $wg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; gytpjkhd mfg; Gwf; fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; kugpay; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; xU gpw;NrHf;if vd;Wk; ,g;gFjp %y
E}ypy; njhy;fhg;gpauhy; NrHf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; thjpLNthUk; cz;L. ,jid
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ciu vOjpa MrphpaHfs; gyH gpuhkzHfshf ,Ue;jjdhYk; mtHfSf;F
,Ue;j kDjHk rh];jpur; nry;thf;fpdhYk; fp.gp 10 - 12Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa gpuhkz
Mjpf;fk; jkpo; ehl;by; Vw;gl;l gpd;Ng vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtHfsJ
fUj;jhFk;. ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ehd;F rhjp mikg;Gf;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
gpw;NrHf;ifnad;W KidtH gh. ,iwaurd; epWTfpwhH.
njhy;fhg;gpaH tho;e;j fhyk;
Mhpag; gz;ghl;Lj;jhf;fk; jkpofj;jpy; CLUtpa fhykhftpUe;jJ. Mhpahpd; ehy;tif
tUzg; ghFghLfs; jkpo;;kz;zpy; ed;F Cd;wptpl;l fhuzj;jpdhy; tho;tpy; xd;wpr;
NrHe;Jtpl;l ehy;tif tUz kughdJ njhy;fhg;gpauhy; jtpHf;f Kbatpy;iynad;Nw
$wKbAk;.
xU ,yf;fzfhuzhf epd;W
mtHfhl;ba tUzg;ghFghLfs; me;jzH> murH> tzpfH> Ntshz; r%fk; vd;gdthFk;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa itg;G Kiwapdhy; NkNyhH> fpNohH vd;Dk; ghHit mtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
“NkNyhH %tHf;Fk; GzHe;j fuzk;
fPNohHf;F Mfpa fhyKk; cz;Nl” nghU – fw;gpay; #j; - 144
ciuahrphpaH fUj;Jg;gb
NkNyhHfshfpa me;jzH> murH> tzpfH Mfpa %tHf;Fk; rlq;Fld; $ba jpUkz
tpohtpw;F chpj;JilatH vd;Wk; ehd;fhktuhfpa #j;jpuw;F mt;thwhd jpUkz tpoh vJTk;
,y;iy vd;Wk; mjw;F NtW fhyk; cz;L vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ. ,q;F #j;jpuH vd;NghH fPNohH
vdg;gLk; Ntshz; khe;jH vd;W nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. #j;jpuH vd;w gphptpNyNa jw;NghJ
,Uf;ff;$ba Vida r%fg; gphpTfs; ahTk; ,Ue;jd vd;Wk; $wKbAk;.
,e;j ,lj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpauhy;
MhpaHfsplj;jpy; ,Ue;j r%fg; gFg;G Kiwahd NkNyhH vd;Wk; fPNohH vd;w
ghFgLj;jg;gl;l gphpthdJ Kjypy; jkpouJ ,yf;fz E}yhfpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; ,t;thwhd xU r%fg; gphpTfs; gw;wp
jkpopd; Kjy; E}yhd njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; NtW vq;Fk; jkpouJ xU r%f eilKiwahf
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Ff; fz;lNj ,yf;fzkhFk;. mjd; gpufhuk;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Ke;jpa ve;j ,yq;fpaq;fspYk; rhjpag; gphpTfs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplhjjdhNyNa MhpaH Fwpg;gpl;l tUzg;ghpTfs; jtpHe;j ve;jr; r%fg;gphpTfs;
gw;wpAk; njhy;fhg;gpaH $wptpy;iy vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $wKbAk;. itrpad;> #j;jpud; vd;w
gphpTfs; rq;fj; njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; vjpYk; fhzjJ tpag;ghAs;sJ.
“CUk; ngaUk; cilj;njhopw; fUtpAk;
ahUk;
rhHj;jp mit mit ngWNk” vd;W #j;jpuk; 619 kugpaypy; ,y; $wg;gLfptjd; %yk; CH>
efH> ,aw;ngaH> rpwg;Gg;ngaH vdj;jj;jk; njhopYf;Nfw;w njhopw; fUtp Mfpad
rfy gphpTfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;gjdhy; njhopYf;Nfw;w xU r%fg;gphpT ,Ue;jjw;fhd
rhd;whf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; gpuhkzd;> murd;> tzpfd;> #j;jpud;
(Ntshz; khe;jd;) MfpNahH jtpHe;j NtW njhopw; gphptpdUk; tho;e;jhHfs; mtHfs;
jdpj;jdpg; gphpTfshfTk; mtHfSf;F NtW NtW jdpj; njhopy;fSk; ,jd; %yk; mtHfsJ
Vw;wj;jho;TfSk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;LtNj vjpHfhyj;jpy; rhjpg;; gphpTfSf;F
tpj;jpl;lnjdyhk;.
,Nj fUj;Jg;gl ts;StH
jpUf;Fwspy; xNunahU ,lj;jpy; $wpAs;shH.
jpUf;Fws;r;; nra;jp
jpUts;StH
Mz;L vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd; mjd; fhyk; fp.K 231Mk; Mz;L vd;W
Fwpgplg;gLfpd;wJ. (jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW- KidtH. gh. ,iwaurd;) jpUf;Fws; vOe;j
fhyk; mwnewpf;fhyk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH. mg;gpbahapd; mJ fp.gp 3 E}w;whz;L E}yhf
Ntz;Lk;. kdpjid njhopy; mbg;gilapy; gphpj;Jg; ghHf;fg;gLtJ gw;wp $wg;gLk; xU
Fwis Nehf;FNthkhapd;. mjid vkJ rKjhak; rkj;Jtkhf tho;e;jJ vd;w rpwg;Gf; fUjpr;
nrhy;tJz;L. Mdhy; mjd; KOf;fUj;ijAk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ njhopy; hPjpahd gphpTfs;
md;Nw Njhd;wptpl;ljidf; fhl;Ltjhf mikfpd;wJ. ,g;gphpTfNs njhopy; mbg;gilapy;
Njhd;wpa rhjpfshf tsHe;jpUf;ff;$ba rhj;jpag;ghLfs; cz;L.
“gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk; rpwg;nght;th
nra;njhopy; Ntw;Wik ahd;” vd;wthwhff; $wg;gLtJ – vy;yh capHfSk; gpwf;Fk;NghJ mjd;
,ay;Gfs; xd;Nw> mjpy; vJtpj tpj;jpahrKk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; mtHfs; tsHe;j gpd;G
mtdJ nra;njhopyhy;> mf;fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiu nra; njhopy; guk;giu
guk;giuahfNt njhlHfpd;wd. ryitj; njhopy; nra;jtd; gps;is mjidNa nra;a Ntz;Lk;>
Giyj; njhopy; nra;jtd; mjidNa nra;a Ntz;Lk;> KbjpUj;Jk; njhopy; nra;jtdpd;
gps;is mj;njhopiyNa nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vOjhj tpjpahf ,Ue;J tUtjid ts;StH
fhyj;jpNyNa “nra;njhopy; Ntw;Wik ahd;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J njhopy;
mbg;gilapy; rhjpfs; gphpf;fg;gLtJ tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Mdhy; mjw;F rhjp vd;w ngaH
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. nrk;nkhop kfhehl;bd; kFl trdkhf “gpwg;nghf;Fk;
vy;yh capHf;Fk;” vd;w xUgFjpia kl;LNk
Fwpg;gpl;lhHfs;. ,jpy; kdpj ,d capHfs; ahTk; vd;w cahpa fUj;Jg; Gyg;gLfpd;wNj.
Mdhy; ,uz;lhtJ thpahd “nra;njhopy;
Ntw;Wik ahd;” vd;gjidr; NrHf;f fUzhepjp mtHfs;
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kwe;jhuh?.
itrpaHfs; (tzpfHfs;)
tzpfHfs; xU jdpr;
r%fg;gphpthf Nehf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. Muk;gfhyj;Nj ,jidAk; xU jdpr; rhjpg;gphpthfNt
r%fk; mq;fPfhpj;jJ. ,d;W mg;gbnahU r%fk; tof;fpy; ,y;iy. mg;gphptpy; ahtUk;
mlq;Ffpd;wdH. mLj;J #j;jpuH vd;gjid rj;jphpaH> gpuhkzH> itrpaH vd;w %d;W
gphpTfSf;Fs; mlq;fhj xU gphpTf;Fs; mlf;fpdH. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyh rq;ffhyj;
njhif E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpLk; rhjpg;gphpTfs; vjidAk; mq;F fhz Kbatpy;iy vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. #j;jpuH vd;w gFg;G> NkNyhH vd;W Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpfs;
jtpHe;j VidNahiuAk; mlf;;fpapUe;jd.
Ntshz; khe;jH ,ay;G gw;wp
njhy;fhg;gpaH gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
“Ntshz; khe;jHf;F cOJ}z; my;yJ
,y;nyd nkhopg gpwtif epfo;r;rp” njhy; -
nghU – kugpay; – 625
,q;F
#j;jpuH vd;Nghiu Ntshz;khe;jH vd;W miof;fpd;whH. ,jd; gpufhuk; Ntshz;ik
nra;NthH epyTlikf;fhuH kl;Lky;y kUjepyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; midtUNk Ntshz;ikj;
njhopypy; <Lgl;ltHfshtH. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt me;epyj;jpy; tho;e;J Ntshz;ikf;F
cWJiz Ghpe;j mj;jid kf;fisAk; Njte;jpuFy NtshsH vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaH nfhz;L
miof;fyhapdhH. ,tHfNs gs;sH vd;W ,d;W miof;fg;gLk;; tptrha cjtpahsH r%fkhf
rq;ffhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,Ue;Js;sdH. Mdhy; mf;fhyj;Nj gs;sH vd;w ngaH
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyh> rq;f vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspNyNah vq;Fk;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. kUj epyj;Jj; nja;tk; ,e;jpudhthd; mq;F Ntz;ik nra;j ,dk;
NjNte;jpuid mbnahw;wp te;j ,dkhfpahy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; mtHfs; NjNte;jpuFy NtshsH
vdj; jk;ik mioj;Jf;nfhz;ldH. Kd;G xNu gphptpduhf Nehf;fg;gl;l Ntshz; khe;jH
12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;G Nrho murHfspdhy; tlf;fpypUe;J nfhz;Lte;J
FbakHj;jg;gl;l; gpuhkzHfSf;F epy Gyd; nfhLg;gjw;fh ,tHfsplk; ,Ue;j epyGyd;fs;
gwpf;fg;gl;Nl gpukNjak; vd;w FbapUg;Gf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jjhHfs;. ,jd; fhuzkhf
mg;NghJ epy Gyd;fSld; tptrhaj; njhopypy; <Lgl;L tho;e;j xU gFjp Ntshz;
khe;jd; epyGyd; gwpf;fg;gl;L tptrhaj;jpw; cjtp nra;Ak; xU r%fkhf Mf;fg;gl;lNj
,e;j NjNte;jpuFy NtshsHfspd; fijahFk;.
Ntshz;
khe;jH vd;w ciuahrpaHfspd;; gjNk vjpH fhyj;jpy; NtshsH vd;Dk; rhjpag;gphpT
Njhd;w mbg;gilaha; mike;jd. Mdhy; Mhpa ,dj;jpy; #j;jpuH vd;w gphptpy; NtshsH
vd;w rhjpag; gphpT fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,g;gphpthdJ jkpoDf;Nf KOf;f KOf;f chpj;jhd xU
rhjpag;gphpthf njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrphpaHfis mbnahw;wp mikf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ.
“md;d uhapDk; ,ope;NjhHf;F ,y;iy” njhy; - kugpay; – 629
mtH mj;jifa
kuGilNahuhfpDk; ,ope;jepiyapy; cs;stHfSf;F mitapy;iy vd;W njhy;fhg;gpaH
Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; ,ope;NjhH vd;w nrhw;gjk; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjid Nehf;fNtz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; murd;>
gpuhkzd;> tzpfH> Ntshz; khe;jH vd;NghH caHe;NjhH vd;Wk; VidNahH ,ope;NjhH
vd;w epiyg;ghNl njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;Nj ,Ue;jjidNa mtH mq;F Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;bAs;shH vdyhk;. ,itfifs; ahtw;iwAk; tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;Fk; NghJ NkNyhH>
fPNohH> ,ope;NjhH vd;w njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpLtJ vjpHfhyj;Nj ,jid mbnahw;wpNa
rhjpfs; gythfj; Njhd;wpw;nwdyhk;. ,opT vd;w nrhy;ybapy; ,Ue;Nj ,ope;NjhH>
,opgpwg;ghshd;> ,oprdd;> vopad;> vopatd; vd;W fPo;rhjpapdiuf; Fwpf;Fk;
nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wyhk;.
rq;fj; njhif Ehy;fspy; Giyad;> Giyj;jp
rq;f
E}y;fspy; “Giy” vd;w
nrhw;gjj;jpid Nehf;fyhk;. Giy vd;Dk; NtHr;nrhy;iy mbnahw;wpNa Giyad; vd;w nrhy;
tof;F te;Js;sJ vdyhk;. Giy vd;gjw;F jkpo; mfuhjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mw;w>
F&ukhd> mOf;fhd> Rj;jkw;w vd;W xj;j gjq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. Giy
vd;gjypy; ,Ue;Nj Gyhy;> gpyhy; vd;w nrhw;fSk; gpwe;jjhf cs;sd. Gyhy; vd;gJ
kPd;> khkprk; vd;gdw;wpw;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Gyhy; ehw;wk; vd;gjid kPd;
ehw;wk;> ,iwr;rp ehw;wk; vd;w ghtidAk; cz;L. Gyhy; czT vd;gJ khkpr czitf;
Fwpf;Fk;. kPNdh my;yJ khkprNkh ehw;wKilaNj ,jd; ehw;wj;jpid EfuNt mjid <
nkha;f;fpd;wJ. MfNt mjpy; xU ntWg;Gf;Fhpa kzk;> mrpq;fk;> mOf;F Mfpad
Njhd;wf; fhuzkhfpd;wd. Gyhy; cz;gtd; Giyad;> ,opnjhopiyr; nra;gtd; Giyad;
vd;w fUj;Jg;gl mJ toq;fpte;Js;sJ. Giy vd;w nrhy; Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; ,Nj
rhug;gbahd mHj;jk; nfhz;l nrhy;yhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.. fd;dl nkhopapy; nghNy vd;gJ Foe;ijg; Ngwpdhy;
Vw;gLk; Rj;jkw;w jd;ik> ngz;fspd; khjtplha; M#rk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhlF nkhopapy; khjtplha; M#rk; my;yJ gpurtj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; M#rk; my;yJ
,wg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; M#rk; vd;W nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf jpuhtpl nkhopf;
FLk;gq;fs; gytw;wpYk; xNu tpjkhd mHj;jk; nfhz;l nrhy;Ny toq;fp te;jikahy; xU
,ope;j kdpjid miof;f Giy vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ mj;NjhL njw;fj;ija
nkhopfs; ahtw;wpYk; Giyad; vd;gJ xU ,ope;j rhjpf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; xU nrhy;yhFk;.
Giyad; vd;w nrhy;Ny jphpgile;J giwad; vd;whfTk; te;jpUf;f KbAk;;.
rq;f
E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,irf; fiyQHfshd ghzd;> fpizad; MfpadTk; njhopy;
hPjpahf ghzd; tPiz thrpj;J murHfsplKk; nry;te;jHfsplKk; jq;fs; ,irapid
muq;Nfw;wp mjidj; jkJ tho;thjhukhff; nfhz;ltHfshFk;. ,tHfs; nry;te;jHfspd;
J}jHfshfTk; nraw;gl;Ls;shH. vdpDk; ,tHfs; Vo;ikapd; vy;iyapy; ,Ue;j
fhuzj;jpdhYk; r%fj;jpd; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhuhfNt fzpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,tHfspd;
kidtpfs; tpwypaH vd miof;fg;gl;ldH. ,tHfNs ghzd; thrpf;Fk; tPizapd; ,irf;F
eldk; MLgtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jdH. ,tHfis tplj;;jho;e;jtHfNs fpizaH vd;NghuhFk;.
,tHfs; njhopy; rpW giw thrpg;gjhFk;. ,j;jifa rpW giwNa fpiz vdg;gLk;. ,tHfNs
murHfspd; mwptpj;jy;fisg; giw miwe;J nghJ kf;fSf;Fj; njhptpg;gtHfshtH. ,tHfspd;
tsHr;rpNa ,d;iwa giwaHfs; vdg;gLk; rhjpapd; njhlHr;rpahFk;. mLj;jjhf rq;f
E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLNthH JbaH> ,tHfs; Jb vdg;gLk; xU tifg; giwia
,irg;gtHfshtH. ,tHfNs NghHg;giw Koq;FgtHfshtH. ,tHfs; ahtUk; ehL ehlhfTk; CH
CuhfTk; jphpe;J jkJ fiyapid re;ijg; gLj;jpNa jkJ rPtpaj;ijf; nfhz;L nry;y
Ntz;ba xU ehNlhb tho;f;if tho epHg;ge;jpf;fg; gl;ltHfshtH. rq;ffhy E}y;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Giy vd;gid mbnahw;wpg; gpwe;j Gyhy; vd;gJ kr;r> khkprk; vd;w
nghUspy; fp.K 3Mk; E}w;whz;bd; E}yhfpa jpUf;Fws; vd;Dk; ePjp E}ypy; “Gyhy; kWj;jy;” vd;Dk; xU mjpfhuNk
tFf;fg;gl;bUg;gjidf; fhz;f. Mdhy; jpUf;Fwspy; rhjpg;gphpTfs; gw;wp vq;Fk;
Fwpg;gplg;gNtapy;iy. ,jd; mbg;gilapYk; Vida ePjp E}y;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; rkz
rkak;> Gj;jrkak; Mfpad jkpo;ehl;by; epiyngw;w fhykhifahy; jpUf;Fws; vd;Dk;
ePjp E}y; fp.gp 3Mk; E}w;wz;by; Njd;wpajhNyNa rhjp gw;wpa ve;jf;Fwpg;Gf;fSk;
Nkw;$wpa “gpwg;nghf;Fk;” vd;Dk; Fws; jtpu NtW jpUf;Fws;fspy;;
,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;W `hl; $Wfpd;whH.
rhjpg;gphpT gw;wpa rq;f E}w; rhd;Wfs;
“,e;ehd; fy;yJ czhTk; ,y;iy>
Jbad;>
ghzd;> giwad;> flk;gd; vd;W
,e;ehd;fy;yJ
FbAk; ,y;iy” GwehD}W
335 tJ ghly; thp 6ypUe;J
vd;gjid
Nehf;fpdhy; GwehD}w;Wf; fhyj;Nj Jbad;> ghzd;> giwad;> flk;gd; vd;w
ehd;F FbfNs ,Ue;jjhfTk; NtW ve;jf; FbfSk; ,y;iy vd;gjhf “GytH khq;F fpohH” Fwpg;gpLtJ <z;L Nehf;fw;ghyJ.
ghzd; vd;gNj Giyad; vd;W fypj;njhif 85Mk; kw;Wk; 95Mk; ghlypYk; Fwpg;gpLtjid
fPNo ghHf;fyhk;. Jb vd;gJ xUtifg; giwahFk; ,jid Koq;Fgtd; Jbad; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Jbad; vd;gjid ew;wpiz ghly; 77 thp 1&2 ,y; Fwpg;gpLtjid fPNo Nehf;fpd;
kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhhp GiyadJ Jb Koq;fr; nry;Yfpwhd;. vd;gjpy; ,q;F Giyad; giw
mbg;gtdhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd; MfNt Jbad; vd;gJ $lf;fhuzg; ngauhf te;j
nrhy;yhftpUf;fyhk;. MfNt ghzd;> Jbad;> giwad; vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; xU
nrhy;yhfg; Giyad; vd;Dk; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjid Nehf;Ffyhk;.
Giyad;>
Giyj;jp vd;w gjk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gy FOtpdUf;Fk; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjid ew;wpiz 90
tJ ghlypd; 3tJ mbapy; “twd;
Giyj;jp vy;ypj; Njha;e;j” vd;wthwhf Giyj;jp vd;fpd;w guj;ij vd;w tifapy; ,q;F
ghtpfg;gl;Ls;sJ. FWe;njhifapd; 330 tJ ghlypd; Kjy; thpapy; “eyj;jifg; Giyj;jp girNjha;e;J vLj;J” ,q;F
Giyj;jp vd;w gjk; ciuahrphpahpdhy; tz;zhj;jp
vd;W ghtpf;fg;gLtjid Nehf;Ff. GwehE}w;wpy; 311 ghly; thp 2 ,y; “Giyj;jp foP,a J}nts; mWit”vd;wthwhf
,q;Fk; J}ikr; Nriy Jitf;Fk; tz;zhj;jp vd;w fUj;jpNyNa Giyj;jp vd;W
ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ew;wpiz ghly; 77 thp 1&2 ,y; “kiyad; khCHe;J Nghfpg; Giyad;> ngUe;Jb
fwq;fg; gpwGyk; Gf;F mtH” vd;whthwhf kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhhp
jd; FjpiukPJ mkHe;J nry;y GiyadJ Jb Koq;f nry;Yfpwhd;. vd;gjpy; ,q;F Giyad; giw
mbg;gtdhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. mtNd Jbad; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhd;. ,q;F
Giyad; vd;gNjh my;yJ Giyj;jp vd;gNjh ,op njhopyhff; fUjg;gl;l njhopy;fisr;
nra;gtHfs; vd;w hPjpapNyNa Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rq;f E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sjidf;
fhz;f. njhlHe;J ew;wpiz nra;As; 347 thp 5 ,y; “jz;Zik” vd;Dk; giw Giyadhy; NghUf;F tPu
kwtHfis miog;gw;fhf miwag;gLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk; fypj;njhif ghly; 68
thp 19 ,y; “nghypnfhdg;
GFe;jepd; Giyaidf; fz;l ahk;” vd;wthwhf eP kzk; nra;fpd;w kidahff; fUjp vk;Kila
kidapNy nghypf nghypf vd;W $wp Giyj; njhopiyAila ghzd; vd;W ciuapw;
Fwpg;gpLd;wJ. mNj fypj;njhifapy; NkYk; ghly; 85 thp 22,y; “ngha;NghHj;Jg;> ghz;jiy apl;l gyty;
Giyaid” vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJk; ghly; 95 thp 10,y; “gphpahf;
ftpifg; Giyad;wd; ahopd;” vd;w ,uz;L ghlypYk;ghzidNa ,q;F Giyad; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
“,op” vd;w nrhw;gjk; fPNohH>
jho;e;NjhH vd;w tifapNyNa rq;f E}y;fspy; gpuNahfj;jpy;; ,Ue;Js;sd. ,op vd;w
mbr;nrhy;ypypUe;Nj “,sprdk;”“,sprdH”nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpd. fypj;njhifapy;
ghly; 94,y; thp 28,y; ,e;j tiifapy; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdjid Nehf;f KbAk; “,ope;jNj $dpd; gpwg;G fope;jhq;Nf”vd;W tUtij
Nehf;fTk;. GwehD}wpy; ghly; 110 thp “,itEkf;F chpa my;y> ,ope;j” vd;w
thpapYk; mNjtpjkhf GwehD}w;wpy; ghly; 204 thp 1&2 fspypy; “<vd
,uj;jy; ,ope;jd;W> mjd; vjpH><Nad; vd;why; mjdpDk; ,ope;jd;W” vd;wthwhfTk;
,opT vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fkhfKk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjid Nehf;Ff.
rq;ffhyj;Nj
kPd;gpbj; njhopy; nra;jtHfSk; fPo;epiyr; rhjpahuhfNt fUjg;gl;ldH. caHe;NjhHfs;
Gyhy; cztpid cz;gjpy;iy vd;Wk; mjd; fhuzkhf Gyhy; vdg;gLk; kPidg; gpbg;gtHfSk;
jho;e;NjhH vd;W xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. mfehD}w;wpy; ghly; 110 thp 1&2 “,itEkf;F
chpa my;y ,ope;j> nfhOkPd; ty;rp vd;wdk; ,Onkd”
vd;wthwhfTk; fypj;njhifapy; ghly; 121 thp 20 ,y; “vwpjpiu
je;jpl ,ope;jkP dpd;Wiw” vd;w ,uz;L ghly;fspYk; kPdpd; ,opT
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjid mwpf. GwehD}w;wpd;
nra;As; 300 thp 1 ,y; “ehs;tiy
Kfe;j Nfhs;ty; gujtH” vd;wthwhf kPd;gpbg;Nghiug; gujtH
vd;w gjg; ghtid Kjypy; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JNt ,Wjpapy; gutH vd;w ngauhfj; jphpgile;J gpuNahfj;jpw;F
te;jJ vdyhk;.
GwehD}W
ghly; 82 ,y; “rhWjiyf; njhz;nld;g
ngz;zPw; Ww;nwndg;> gl;l khhp QhapW Qhapw;Wf;> fl;by; epizf;Fk; ,oprpdd;
ifaJ> Ngho;J}z;L Crpapd; tpiue;jd;W khNjh” vd;w ghlypy; Njhy; njhopy; nra;gtd; gw;wpa fUj;J gpd;tUkhW> ChpNy tpoh
elf;fpd;wJ mjw;Fg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;. kidtpf;F NgWfhykhf cs;sJ. ,oprpddhfpa Gyad;
Crpahy; tpiue;J Njhyhy; nra;ag;gl;l fl;bypid tpiuthfj; ijf;fpd;wjid ,r;nra;As;
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
GwehD}w;wpd;
ghly; 170 thp 4&5
Mfpadtw;wpy; “tpy;YOJ
cz;khH ehg;gz; xy;nyd> ,opgpwg; ghsd; fUq;if rptg;g” vd;W ghLtJ
ahidj; je;jj;jpy; tpise;j Kj;ij tpwypaUf;Fk; fs;spidg; ghzUf;Fk; nfhLj;j jiytdJ
Fbfs; cOJz;L thOk; fUik epwKila iffisAil ,opg;gpwg;ghsd; if rptf;Fk;gbahf jdJ
giwia ciyf; fsj;jpy; cs;s ciyf;fy; rptg;gJ Nghy; mtdJ if rpte;Js;sJ vd;W
ghlg;gLtjdhy; ,oprdNd giw mbg;gtd; vd;W njspthff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
VtypioaH
vd;gJ ,isaVtyhsp vd;w nrhy;Yk; jz;Zik vd;fpd;w xU tif giwia ,irg;gtid ,isaH
vd;Wk; gjpw;Wg;gj;J 41 tJ nra;AspYk; 51 tJ nra;AspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wH.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J ghly; 41 ,y;
“GzHGhp euk;gpd; jPe;njhil gOdpa
tzuik ey;aho; ,isaH nghWg;gg;
gz;zik KoTk; gjiyAk; gpwTk;
fz;zWj; jpaw;wpa J}k;nghL RUf;fp
fhtpy; jifj;j Jiw$L fyg;giaH”
,r;nra;Aspy;
xU ghzH tpwypaH $l;lk; ghprpy; ngw tpUk;gp jq;fsJ ,irf; fUtpfSld; murid ehbr;
nry;Ytjid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. GzUjw;Fhpa KWf;Nfwpa euk;gpidAila ,d;dpirapidj; jUk;
aho;fis VtypioaH Rke;jgb nry;Yfpd;wdH. jz;Zik vDk; KoTk;(xU tifg; giw)> xU
gf;fk; kl;Lk; mbf;Fk; xUfz; khf;fpiz vd;Dk; giwAk;. gpw ,irf;fUtpfSk;>
%q;fpiy ,ilapl;L mWj;Jr; nra;j ngUtq;fpak; vd;Dk; fUtpNahL xUq;Nf NrHj;Jf;
fhtbj; jz;by; ,uz;Lgf;fKk; Mlw;Wiwf;Fj; Njitahd cilfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfSld; Njhopy;
Rke;j tz;zk; $l;lkhf ghzH> tpwypaH> VtypisaH> kwtH fyg;igah; vd;Dk;
$j;jH MfpNahH nry;tjhfg; GytH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
GwQ;Nrhp vd;w tifapy; xU CH miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. GwQ;Nrhp vd;gjw;F CUf;Fg; Gwj;Nj
r%fj;jpy; jho;e;NjhH thOk; ,lk; vd;Nw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mq;Nfjhd; ghzd;>
tpwypaH> Jbad;> jz;Zikad;> giwad;>Giyad;> Jbad; MfpNahH thOk;
,lkhftpUe;jJ. kDrh];jpuj;jpd;gb ghHg;gdd; ehl;bak; Mlf;$lhJ vd;Wk;;>
,irf;fUtp ,irf;ff;$lhJ vd;Wk; $wg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjidr; nra;gtHfs; fPo; rhjpapdH
vd;Nw Fwpj;Js;sdH. ,j;jifa gFg;Ng ghzHfisAk;> tpwypaHfisAk;>
giwaiuAk;> Njtbahs;fisAk;> JbaiuAk; xJf;fg;gl;NlhH vd tifg;gLj;jj;
J}z;baJ vdyhk;. ghzd;> tpwypaH> Jbad;> jz;Zikad;> giwad; MfpNahH
murHfsplk; kpFe;j kjpg;Gf; nfhz;ltHfshfTk; mtHfis mz;bg; gpiog;G
elhj;JgtHfshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdH. xU rpy ghzHfs; gpd;dH rq;fr; rhd;NwhHfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l GytHfshfTk; te;Js;sdH vd;W gpiwad; nggd;NgfH (Bryan Pfaffenberger) jdJ E}yhd “Caste in Tamil Culture: The Religious
Foundations of Sudra Domination in Tamil Srilanka” vd;Dk;
E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
KbTiu
njhy;fhg;gpak;
MhpaHfs; tFj;j ehd;F tUzg;gphpTfs; jtpu NtW ve;jr; rhjpg;gphpTfisAk;
fhl;lhjjdhy; njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G rhjpag; gphpTfs; vJTk; jkpo;
rKjhaj;jpy; vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;w KbTf;F tuKbfpwJ. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy;
fhl;lg;gl;l Nkw;gb cjhuzq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; MhpaH nfhLj;j tUzg; gphpTfspypUe;Jk;
,d;iwa rhjpag; gphptpidfSf;F mq;F fhl;lg;gl;l r%fg; gphpTfNs NkYk; tphptile;j
xU rhjpa ,Wf;fk; nfhz;l rKjhakhf tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ vd;w KbTf;F tUtjw;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;l rfy rhd;WfSk; cWJiz Ghpfpd;wd.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
1. njhy;fhg;gpak; - nghUsjpfhuk;
- NguhrphpaH rz;Kfk;gps;is
2.
fypj;njhif
– rp.it.jhNkhjk;gps;is gjpg;G
3.
GwehD}W
– GypA+Hf; Nfrpfd; njspTiu
4.
mfehD}W
– GypA+Hf; Nfrpfd; njspTiu
5.
FWe;njhif
– GypA+Hf; Nfrpfd; njspTiu
6.
ew;wpz
– GypA+Hf; Nfrpfd; njspTiu
7.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J
- GypA+Hf; Nfrpfd; njspTiu
8.
ghpghly;
- GypA+Hf; Nfrpfd; njspTiu
9.
gz;ila
njd;,e;jpahtpd; rhjpgw;wpa Mjhuq;fs; - NguhrphpaH N[Hr;.vy;.`hl;
10.
jkpo;
,yf;fpa tuyhW – KidtH gh. ,iwaurd;
