njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; kdpjDk; gpwcapHfSk; xU mwptpay; Nehf;fpy;
KUNfR ghf;fpaehjd; B.A, M.A
62 Snowling Drive
Ajax, ON
L1Z 0M4,Canada
mwpKfk;
,d;W jkpopy; fpilf;ff;$ba kpfTk; njhd;ikahd Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;gNj mwpQHfspd; KbghFk;.njhy; - fh - gpak; vd;gNj mjd; tphpthFk;. njhy; vd;gJ njhd;ik> fh vd;gJ fhl;rp> ,ak; vd;gJ ,ak;Gjy; my;yJ nrhy;Yjy; vd;W nfhs;sKbAk;. ,jid mbg;gilahf itj;Nj njhd;ikahd nkhoprhHe;j fhl;rpfis moFwf; $wpAs;shH vd;W nfhs;s KbAk;.
njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w ngahpid mbnahw;wpNa mjid vOjpatH njhy;fhg;gpaH vd;Nw Fwpj;jdH. ,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;gpa njhd;ikAk; jpz;ikAk; tha;e;j nre;jkpo; vkJ jkpo; nkhopahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpaNk jw;Nghija njhd;ikahd Ehnydpd; mjw;F Kd;G vt;tsNth ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhy> ,aw;if> nraw;if mopTfshy; vkJ iff;Ff; fpilf;fhkw; Nghapw;W vd;gjw;F njhy;fhg;gpaNk rhd;whFk;. mjpy; Vwj;jhs 280 w;F Nkl;gl;l ,lq;fspNy vd;g vd;Wk;>vd;kdhH GytH vd;Wk; jdf;F Ke;jpa GytHfshy; $wg;gl;Ls;sjhfj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jid ,d;iwa jkpo; nkhopapd; tpj;J vdyhk;.
njhy;fg;gpaj;jpd; fhyk;
njhyfhg;gpaj;jpd; fhyj;jpidg; gy mwpQHfs; gythwhff Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. rpyH fpK 10>000; Mz;bw;F gyfhyj;jpw Kw;gl;lJ vd;Wk>. nghs;shr;rp kfhypq;fk; fpK.10>676 vd;Wk;> ehtyH NrhkRe;ju ghujpahH fpK 10Mk; Ehw;whz;L> nkhopQhapW NjtNeag;ghtzH fp.K 7Mk; Ehw;whz;L vd;Wk;> NguhrphpaH nts;isthuzH kw;Wk; tp.Mh;>Mh;.jPl;rpjh; fp.K 5Mk; Ehw;whz;L vd;Wk;> kiwkiy mbfs; fpK.3Mk; Ehw;whz;L> rPdpthr Iaq;fhH fpK 4Mk; Ehw;whz;L> gp.b.rPdpthr Iaq;fhH fpgp ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;nld;Wk; NguhrphpaH itahGhpg;gps;is fp.gp 4Mk; my;yJ 5Mk; Ehw;whz;nld;Wk; $wpAs;shHfs;. njhy;g;gpaj;jpd; mfg;> Gwr; rhd;Wfis itj;Nj fhyj;jpidf; fzpg;gH. ,e;jtifapy; NjtNeag; ghthzH $wpa fp.K. 7Mk; Ehw;whz;bid my;yJ 5Mk; Ehw;whz;bid mz;zsthff; nfhs;sKbAk; vd;W nghJthf mwpQhfshy; Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; kdpjDk; gpw capHfSk;
nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; xd;gJ ,ay;fspy; 9tJ ,ayhd kugpaypd; xU gFjpahf capHfspd; gFg;Gk; rpwg;Gk; kuGk; vd;W kdpjd; gw;wpAk; gpw capHfs;gw;wpAk; tFj;Jr; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kf;fs; jhNk Mwwp TapNu
gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 577
kdpjd;; MwwpT cilatdhFk;. njhLjy;> Nfl;ly;> ghHj;jy;> Ritj;jy;> Rthrpj;jy;> kdpjdpd; rpe;jpj;jypdhYk; mjidg; gFj;J mjd; rhp> gpiofis Ma;e;jwptjhYNk kdpjDf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gFj;jwpT vd;gJ MwhtJ mwpthf kdpjDf;F gFj;jwpT vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l rpwg;ghd mwpthff; nfhs;SfpwhH. mJNghd;W NtW capHfSk; cz;L vd;gjdhy; NjtH> mRuH> ,af;fH KjyhNdhH mlq;Fk; vdgH. kdpjH cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp> kdj;jpdhy; mwpAk; gFj;jwpT MfpNahUk; MwwpT cilaH vd;W tFj;jhH. ,jidtpl NkYk; $Wk;NghJ
xUrhH tpyq;Fk; csntd nkhopg njhy; -nghU #j; 578
tpyq;fpd; xU gFjpahd fpsp> ahid> Fuq;F mfpad MwwpTilanjdj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. Fuq;fpy; ,Ue;Nj kdpjdJ ghpzhk tsHr;rp cUthdJ vd;w>1870y; cUthf;fpa rhs;]; lhHtpdpd; kdpjdpd; ghpzhk tsHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F vt;tsNth fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Fuq;fpid kdpj czHtpw;Fr; rkdhd czHT cs;s gpuhzp vd;gjidf; fz;lwpe;j ngUkfd; njhy;fg;gpauhFk;> ,jdhy; mtiuAk; ehk; jj;JtQhdp vd;Nw miof;f KbAk;.. mJ NghyNy Ml;fis mwpe;J itj;jpUj;jy;> gy fhyj;jpw;F epidtpy; itj;jpUj;jy;> nrhy;Yk; Ntiyfis Qhgfkhf itj;jpUe;J nra;jy;> kdpjd; mjidr; nrhy;yhtpbDk; mr;nraiyj; jhdhfNt nra;jy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ghLfspdhy; mtw;iwAk; rpytiffspy; MwwpTld; cs;s gpuhzpfshf ahid fpsp Fuq;F Nghd;wtw;wpidAk; NrHf;fpd;whH.
,t;thwhf Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; mwptpay; rpe;jpidNahL Nehf;fpajhNyNa ,t;thwhd xU Gjpa fUj;jpid Kd;itj;J njhy;fhg;gpaH vOjpaJ vkJ jkpOf;F mtH nfhLj;j ngUiknadyhk;. ,t;thW mwptpay; hPjpapy; kugpaypy; Ma;e;j njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,t;thW jkpo; xypg;gpwg;gpid Ma;e;J ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fSk; mwptpay; hPjpahd rpe;jidf;Fhpad.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; mwptpay;
njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpNy ,d;W toq;fptUk; mwptpay; vd;gJ ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gjid Vw;Wf; nfhz;L Mdhy; md;W njhy;fhg;gpauhNyh fpNuf;f mwpQH mhp];Nuhl;by; mtHfshNy rpe;jpf;fg;l;l rpe;jidapd; Cw;Wf;fNs gpd;G rpWJ rpwpjhf kdpjd; rpe;jpfj; njhlq;;fpaTld; mwptpay; my;yJ caphpaypy; tpQ;Qhd mwpthf ghpzkpf;fj;; njhlq;fpanjdyhk;. 5000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G njhy;fhg;gpahpd; rpe;jid ahtUf;Fk; xU tpag;ghdjhfNtAs;sJ.
nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; kugpaypy; $wg;gLk; gy tpilaq;fs; tpQ;Qhd hPjpahf ,d;W ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy tpilaq;fis mtH jdJ mwptpay;f; fz;nfhz;L vOjp vk;iknay;yhk; tpag;gpy; Mo;j;jpAs;shH. tpyq;Ffspd; czHjpwid moFwf; $Wfpd;whH.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; capHfsJ gFg;Gk;> rpwg;Gk;> kuGk;.
Xd;wwp tJNt cw;wwp tJNt
,uz;lwp tJNt mjNdhL ehNt
%d;wwp tJNt mtw;nwhL %f;Nf
ehd;fwp tJNt mtw;NwhL fz;Nz
Ie;jwp tJNt mtw;nwhL nrtpNa
Mwwp tJNt mtw;nwhL kdNd
Nehpjpd; czHe;NjhH newpg;gLj; jpdNu njhy;- nghU #j;: 571
,q;F capHfspd; czHjpwDk; mjd; ghFghLk; gw;wpf;$w te;j njhy;fhg;gpaH XuwpT capH vd;gJ clyhy; kl;Lk; czHe;J mwptjhFk; vd;Wk;><uwpT capH vd;gJ clk;gpdhYk; thapdhYk; mwpjy; vd;Wk; %twpT vd;gJ clk;G> tha;> %f;F Mfpa %d;wpdhYk; mwptJ vd;Wk; ehywpT vd;gJ cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz; vd;gdtw;wpdhy; czUk; capH vd;Wk; Ie;jwpT vd;gJ cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp vd;w Ie;J cWg;Gf;fspdhy; mwptJ vd;gjhFk;> MwwpT vd;gJ Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Ie;jwpTld; NrHe;J nghUl;fisNah> xU fhl;rpapidNah md;wp jdJ caphpidNah> xU fUj;jpidNah gFj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tNj me;j MwhtJ mwpT vd;whH. ,jidNa jw;fhyj;Nj gFj;jwpT vd;gH. ,J kdpj ,dj;jpw;Nf nghUe;Jk;.
Gy;Yk; kuDk; Xuwp tpdNt
gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 572
Gy;> kuk; Kjypad Xuwpit cilad vd;Wk; ,t;thW Xuwpit cilad NtWk; cz;nld;Wk; mit nfhl;b> jhkiu vd;Wk; ,J clyhy; kl;Lk; czHjpwidg; ngWk; vd;W ciuahrphpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
ej;Jk; KuSk; <uwp tpdNt
gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 573
ej;J vd;gJ rq;F> ej;ij> myF> nehs;is vd;Wk; nfhs;tH. Kus; vd;gJ rpg;gp> fpspQ;ry;> Vuy; vd;Wk; nfhstH. ,it<wwpT caphpdk; vd;gjhFk; mNjNghy kw;iwitAk; mlq;Fk;. ,J clyhYk; thapdhYk; ,uz;L mwptidAk; ngWk; vd;W ciuahrphpaH Fwpg;gpLtH.
gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 574
fiwahDk;> vWk;Gk; %d;wpT cilanjd;Wk; ,t;thwhf NtW tiffSk; cz;nld;Wk; ,it clyhYk; thapdhYk; %f;fpdhYk; mwpAk; jpwd; ngw;w capHfs; vd;gH.
ez;Lk; Jk;gpAk; ehd;fwp tpdNt
gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 575
ez;Lk; Jk;gpAk; ehd;F mwptpidAilad. mNjNghy; ,t;thwhf NtWtif caphpdq;fSk; cz;L. ,it cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz; Mfpatw;wpdhy; mwpAk; jpwd; ngw;wd.
khTk; Gs;Sk; Iawp tpdNt
gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 576
ehd;F fhy; tpyq;FfSk; gwitfSk; Itif mwptpid cilad. ,t;thW NtWk; cz;L mit ghk;G> kPd;> Kjiy> Mik Nghd;witahFk;. ,it cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp Mfpa Ik;Gyd;fshy; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikadthk;.
gpw capHfspd; cwT gw;wpa rpj;jhpg;G– Mz;ghy; ngaHfSk; ngz;ghw; ngaHfSk; capUs;sitfSf;Nf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. rpy nkhopfspy; Fwpg;ghfg; gpuQ;R nkhopapy; Nkiria Mz;ghy; vd;Wk; fjpiuia ngz;ghy; vd;Wk; miog;gH. Mdhy; jkpopy; Fl;bNghLtd> FQ;R nghhpg;gd Mfpadtw;iw ngz;ghy; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
Ntof;Fhpj;Nj tpje;Jfsp njd;wy; #j; 579
fspnwd;W rpwg;Gwf; $Wjy; Mz; ahidf;F chpaJ.
Nfoy; fz;Zk; fbtiu apd;Nw #j; 580
gd;wpapd; Fl;bAk; fspW vd;wiof;fg;gLk;
,t;thwhf #j;jpuk; 545> 546> 547>
Gy;tha; GypAio kiuNa fthp
nrhy;ypa fuhNkh nlhUj;jy; xd;Wk; #j; 581
jj;Jt Nkij mhp];Nuhl;by; mtHfspd; caphpay; ghFghL
fpNuf;f jj;JtQhdp mhp];Nuhl;by;
,tH fpK 4Mk; Ehw;whz;by; fpNuf;f ehl;by; tho;e;j xU jj;JtNkijahFk;. ,f;fhyk; jkpo; ehl;by; filr;rq;fk; ,Ue;j fhykhFk;. ,q;fhyj;Nj fpNuf;fHfSld; tzpfj; njhlHG jkpoHfSf;F ,Ue;jjnjd;gJ rq;f ,yf;fpa Ehy;fspy; ,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. jkpo; murHfspd; fhtw; flikfspy; atdHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs; vd;W mNj rq;fEhy;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. atdHfs; vd;NghH fpNuf;fHfshFk;. mj;NjhL vkJ rq;f ftpijfspd; ghLnghUl;fSk; fpNuf;f ,yf;fpa ghL nghUl;fSk; mf;fhyj;Nj rpy gFjpfspy; fpl;lj;jl;l xNu tifahf ,Ue;jjnjd NguhrphpaH f. ifyhrgjp mtHfSk; NguhrphpaH NrtpaH jdpehafk; mbfshUk; Fwpg;gpLtJ <z;L ftdpf;fj; jf;fJ. MfNt fy;tpapaypYk; VNjhnthU njhlHG ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W fUJtjw;F njhy;fhg;gpauJk; mhp];Nuhl;byJk; chpapw;Nfhl;ghL vkJ rpe;jidapidj; Jhz;Lfpd;wJ. NguhrphpaH f. ifyhrgjp mtHfsJ tPuAff; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy; fpNuf;f tPuAf ,yf;fpaj;jpid GwehD}w;Wf; ftpijfSld; xg;gpLfpwhH. rpy jkpowpQHfspd; fUj;Jg;gb njhy;fhg;gpaUk; fpK 5Mk; my;yJ 4Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; NrHejtH vd;Nw fUJfpd;wdH. mg;gbahf Nehf;fpd; ,UtUk; xNu fhyj;jtH vd;Wk; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,UtUk; xNu tpjkhf NtW NtW Nfhzj;jpy; caphpfisg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;jpUg;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
mhp];Nuhl;by; capHg; gFg;Gg; gw;wp vd;d Nehf;fpAs;shH vd;gjid ,t;Ntisapy; ghHg;gJk; gaDs;sjhtpUf;Fk;. ,tH Kjw;gFg;ghf ,uj;jk; cs;s caphpfs; vd;Wk; ,uj;jk; mw;w caphpfs; vd;Wk; tFf;fpd;whH. Mdhy; jw;Nghija tpQ;Qhdg; gFg;gha;T NkYk; xUgb NkNy nrd;W ,Nj caphpfis Ks;se;jz;L cs;sdntd;Wk; Ks;se;jz;L ,y;yhjdntd;Wk; gFf;fpd;wJ. ,uj;jk; cs;sd vd;W tFj;jjpy; kdpjDk; NtW ghYhl;bfSk; Kl;ilapLk; gwitfSk; kPd; ,dKk; tUk;. ,uj;jk; ,y;yhj caphpfs; vDk;NghJ G+r;rp> GOf;fSk; fbd XLfisAila fly;tho; caphpdq;fisAk; mjhtJ rpg;gp> xf;lg]; (Octopus)> fztha; Nghd;wdTk; mlq;Fk;. mtH caphpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; (Hierarchical) mjid mikf;fpd;whH. ,jdhy; ,jid Ladder of Life or scala naturae or Great Chain of Being vd;W caphpfspd; Vzp vd;Wk; kpfg; nghpa njhlH rq;fpyp vd;Wk; miof;fpwhH. ,t;thwhf Gy;ypy; ,Ue;J kdpjd; tiu mjd; Kjd;ikj; jd;ikapypUe;J ,tH ghFgLj;jpAs;s caphpfis 11 juq;fspy; gphpj;Js;shH.
ve;j kpUfq;fSf;Fk; xNu Neuj;jpy; je;jKk; nfhk;Gk; xd;whf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ahidf;Fj; je;jk; ,Ug;gJNghy; khl;bw;F nfhk;G cz;L Mdhy; Fjpiuf;F ,uz;LNaapy;iy. Mdhy; khl;bw;Ff; fhypy; Fsk;G cs;sJ Nghy Fjpiuf;Ff; Fsk;G cz;L. khL ,iukPl;L mir NghLk; kpUfk; Mdhy; Fjpiu mg;gbahf mirNghl;L czit cz;gjpy;iy. ,e;j tifahYk; caphpfisg; ghFgLj;jpAs;shH. mLj;jhf ntg;gr; #oypYk; FspHr; #oypYk; thOk; caphpdq;fs; vd;w tifapYk; ghFgLj;jpAs;shH..
mhp];Nuhl;by; mtHfs; capH tiffisg; ghFgLj;Jk; NghJ
· Soul of an organism - capUs;s thOk; jdpj; jhtuk;
· Vegetative soul- ,jidj; jhtuq;fspd; capH vd;Wk; $wyhk;. gjpaKiw Md;kh vd;W $wyhk; Vegetative vd;gjpd; Cambridge Dictionary fUj;Jg;gb %is ,af;fky;yhjJ vd;gJ nghUs;. ,J jdJ ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk; tsHr;rpf;Fkhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
· Sensitive soul- ,jid czH jpwd; cs;s capH tiffshfg; gphpj;Js;shH. ,J rpy jhtuq;fSf;Fk; ( njhl;lhw; rpZq;fp) rpy gpuhzpfs; ( GO tiffisj; njhl;lhy; mJ jdJ ghJfhg;Gj; Njb cliyr; RUl;bf; nfhs;Sk;. kdpjd; neUg;gpidj; njhl;lhy; RLk; vd;w czHtpid czHe;jtd;. ,jid mtd; jdJ gFj;jwpthy; mwpthd;.
· Rational soul -,jid gFj;jwpT capHfs; vd;w tifapy; mlf;fpAs;shH. ,jw;F kdpjNd cjhuzk;. xU Ntiyiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ mjd; rhp gpiofis rPHJhf;fpg; ghHj;J jdf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;> gpuNahrdg;gLk; tifapy; nra;tJ gFj;jwptpd;ghw;gLk;.
· kpUfq;fis Vegetative soulkw;Wk; Sensitive soulvd;w ,U tiff;Fs;Sk; mlf;Ffpd;whH. gFj;jwpT %is ,af;fky;yhj czHTG+Htkhd caph; vd;w tiff;Fs; mlf;Ffpd;whH. ,J ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;> ,lk;ngaHe;J jphptjw;Fk;> czHjpwd; cs;sJkhd tiff;Fs;Sk; NrHf;fpd;whH.
· kdpjid Vegetative soul, Sensitive soul, Rational soul vd;w %d;W tiffspDs;Sk; mlf;Ffpd;whH. tpyq;fpDf;Fhpa Kjy; ,uz;L ,yf;fzq;fisAk; rpwg;ghf gFj;jwptpidAk; kdpjDf;F NrHj;Js;sNj rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaH mwpT vd;gjid mhp];Nuhl;by; capH vd;fpd;whH. mwpT vd;gJ mwpAk; jpwd; vd;gjhFk;. mJ njhLjy;> Nfl;ly;> ghHj;jy;> Ritj;jy;> Rthrpj;jy;> kdpjdpd; rpe;jpj;jypdhYk; mjidg; gFj;J mjd; rhp> gpiofis Ma;e;jwptjhYNk kdpjDf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gFj;jwpT vd;gjhk;. Mdhy; %isiag; gad;gLj;jhjjyhYk;> czHjpwj;jhYk; gFj;jwpthYk; kl;Lk; capHfshfj; jdpj;Jg;gphpf;f KbahJ. xU clk;gpw;F xU capH kl;LNkAz;L mjid vt;tz;zk; kdpjDf;F Vegetative soul, Sensitive soul, Rational soul Mfpa %d;W Soul fSk; cz;L vd;W nfhs;s KbAk;. Soul vd;gjidj; jkpopy; capH vd;Wk; rk];fpUjj;jpy; Md;kh vd;Wk; nfhs;tH.
vJ vt;thnwdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpauJ gFg;Gf;fSk; mhp];Nuhl;ly; mtHfsJ gFg;Gf;fSk; etPd tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F NkYk; Ma;tpw;F xU topiaj; jpwe;J tpl;Ls;snjd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. njhy;fhg;gpauJ gFg;gpy; $Ljyhf caphpd; gFg;gpidtpl mwpT gw;wp tpsf;fNk cs;sjidf; fhzyhk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaH kdpjHfSf;Fhpad
5000 – 7000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng kdpjDf;F chpatifahd cwTfis Vida nkhopfspy; ,t;thwhd kuGfs; tuKd;Ng mjidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whH. Kf;fpa mtjhdkhf gpw;fhyj;jpy; rhjpag; gphpTfSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j tUzhr;rpukj; jHk tFg;Gf;fisAk; Kjy; E}ypNyNa tFj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shH. xU ,yf;fzfhuzhf epd;W mtHfhl;ba tUzg;ghFghLfs; me;jzH> murH> tzpfH> Ntshz; r%fk; vd;gdthFk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa itg;G Kiwapdhy; NkNyhH> fpNohH vd;Dk; ghHit mtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
“NkNyhH %tHf;Fk; GzHe;j fuzk;
fPNohHf;F Mfpa fhyKk; cz;Nl” nghU – fw;gpay; #j; - 144
ciuahrphpaH fUj;Jg;gb NkNyhHfshfpa me;jzH> murH> tzpfH Mfpa %tHf;Fk; rlq;Fld; $ba jpUkz tpohtpw;F chpj;JilatH vd;Wk; ehd;fhktuhfpa #j;jpuw;F mt;thwhd jpUkz tpoh vJTk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; mjw;F NtW fhyk; cz;L vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ. ,q;F #j;jpuH vd;NghH fPNohH vdg;gLk; Ntshz; khe;jH vd;W nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. #j;jpuH vd;w gphptpNyNa jw;NghJ ,Uf;ff;$ba Vida r%fg; gphpTfs; ahTk; ,Ue;jd vd;Wk; $wKbAk; Mdhy; mg;gphpTfs; NkYk; fhyk; jho;j;jp cUthf;fg;gl;lNjh vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; vJTk; ,y;iy.
njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; caHe;NjhUk; my;NyhUk;.
caHe;NjhH:
ntw;gd;> rpyk;gd;> nfhbr;rp> FWk;nghiwehld;> njhd;wy;> kidtp> fpoj;jp> Cud;> kfpo;Qd;> fpoj;jp> NrHg;gd;> Gyk;gd;> Eisr;rp> fhis> vapw;wp
my;NyhH:
FwtH> fhdtH> Fwj;jpaH> ,ilaH> ,ilr;rpaH> MaH> Ma;r;rpaH> cotH> coj;jp> filaH> filr;rpaH> EisaH> Eisr;rpaH> gujH> guj;jpaH> mstH> msj;jpaH> vapdH> vapw;wpaH> kwtH> kwj;jpaH> ghzH> tpwypaH> $j;jd;> (ghzhpy; aho;g;ghzH> ,irg;ghzH> kz;ilg;ghzH) MfpNahH mlq;Fk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;NjhL rq;f E}y;fspy; vt;thwhf r%fg; gphpTfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j ,lj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpauhy; MhpaHfsplj;jpy; ,Ue;j r%fg; gFg;G Kiwahd NkNyhH vd;Wk; fPNohH vd;w ghFgLj;jg;gl;l gphpthdJ Kjypy; jkpouJ ,yf;fz E}yhfpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.kugpaypy; me;jzHf;FhpaJk;> murHfSf;FhpaJk;> VidNahUf;Fk; chpaJkhd nraw;ghLfis njhy;fhg;gpaH nghJthf kdpjHfSf;Fhpa nraw;ghLfshff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. #j;jpuk; 615 – 629 tiuAs;s 15 #j;jpuq;fspy; rpj;jhpf;fpd;whH.
E}Ny fufk; Kf;Nfhy; kizNa
MAq; fhiy me;jzHf;Fhpa nghU – kugpay; #j; 615
Kg;GhpE}y;> fufk;> Kf;Nfhy;> kiz vd;gd me;jzUf;F kl;Lk; chpadthfr; rpj;jhpf;fpd;whH. gilAk; nfhbAq; FilAk; KuRk;
eiletpy; GutpAq; fspWe; NjUk;
jhUk; KbAk; NeHtd gpwTk;
njhpTnfhs; nrq;Nfhy; murHf;Fhpa nghU – kugpay; #j; 616
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iw murUf;F kl;Lk; chpadthfr; rpj;jhpf;fpd;whH
,t;thwhf me;jzUf;Fk; murUf;Fk; nghJthf chpj;jhd rpj;jhpg;gpid #j;-617> 618 ,uz;bYk;; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
CUk; ngaUk; cilnjhopw; fUtpAk;
ahUQ; rhHj;jp mitmit ngWNk nghU – ku #j; 619
,t;thwhf xUtDf;F CHg;ngaUk;> rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; jj;jkJ njhopYf;Nfw;w njhopw; fUtpfSk; nghJthf vy;NyhUf;Fk; chpadthfr; rpj;jhpf;fpd;whH.
itrpfd; ngWNk tzpf thof;if #j; 622
tzpfDf;F tpahghuk; rhHe;j thof;ifNa mikAk; vd;gjhFk;.
Ntshz; khe;jHf;F cOJ}z; my;yJ
,y;nyd nkhopg gpwtif epfo;r;rp #j; 625
tptrhak; nra;Ak; kdpjDf;F cOJ mjpy; gapH tpistpj;J cz;gJ my;yhky; gpwtho;f;if ,y;iy vd;W rpj;jhpf;fpd;whH. ,t;thwhf 15 #j;jpuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l kdpjDf;Fhpa rpj;jhpg;Gfis NeuKk; ,ltrjpAk; fUjp cjhuzj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk; 7 #j;jpuq;fis kl;Lk; tpghpj;Js;Nsd;.
XuwpT caphpd; rpy rpwg;G ,ay;Gfs;
Gwf;fh odNt Gy;nydg; gLNk #j; 630
GwTapHg;G ciladtw;iwg; Gy; vd;W miog;gH mit njd;id> gid> fKF> %q;fpy; Nghd;wdthFk; vd;W rpj;jhpf;fpwhH.
mff;fh odNt kunddg; gLNk #j; 631
cs;SWjp cila jhtuk; kunkd;W $wg;gLk;.
Gy; tifapd; cWg;Gf;fs;
NjhNl klNy Xiy vd;wh
VNl ,jNo ghid vd;wh
<H;f;Nf FiyNa NrHe;jd gpwTk;
Gy;nyhL tUnkdr; nrhy;ypdH GytH #j; 632
NjhL>kly;> Xiy> VL> ,jo;> ghis><Hf;F> Fiy vd;gdTk; NtW rpyTk; GwTapHg;Gk;> cs;tapHg;Gkpy;yhjtw;Ws; xU rhuhit Gy;nydg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf #j; 633> 634> 635 Mfpatw;wpTk; tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpia NkYk; tphpthf vLj;Jf;$w KbAk; 6 gf;fq;fSf;Fs; Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiwahy; ,j;Jld; ,g;gFjpia Kbj;Jf; nfhs;SfpNwd;.
crhJiz Ehy;fs;
njhy;fhg;gpak; - vOj;jjpfhuk; - ,sk;G+uzH ciu – NguhrphpaH K.rzKfk;gps;is.
njhy;fhg;gpak; - nghUsjpfhu %yKk; er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH ciuAk; - fNziraH gjpg;G
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