கம்பராமாயணத்தில் எதிர்நிலைத் தலைவன் - இராவணன்

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; vjpHepiyj; jiytd; - ~,uhtzd;|

r.kjpaofd;

KidtHgl;l Ma;thsH (gFjpNeuk;);>jkpopaw;Gyk;>

kJiu fhkuhrH gy;fiyf;fofk;>kJiu- 21.

Kd;Diu

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfUzd;> ,e;jpurpj;J MfpNahH vjpHepiyj; jiytHfshfg; gilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sdH. ,tHfSs; gpujhdkhd vjpHepiyg; ghj;jpukhd ,uhtzdpd; gz;Gfs;> nraw;ghLfs;> tPo;r;rp Mfpad Fwpj;J Muha;tjhf ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ.

,uhtzdpd; vjpHepiyj; jiytDf;fhd gz;Gfs;

vjpHepiyj; jiytHfs; midtUk; mtytPuHfs; md;W. Fw;wNk tbtkhfr; nray;gl;L mope;JNghFk; vjpHepiyj; jiytd;kPJ kjpg;Gk; ,Uf;fKk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ~mtyj; jiytdpd; nray;fshy; ekf;F ,uf;fKk; mr;rKk; gpwf;fNtz;Lk;|¹ vd;gH. vjpHepiyj; jiytd; kpf ey;ytdhfTk; caHe;jtdhfTk; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. mj;jifatdpd; vjpHghuhj tPo;r;rp ,uf;fj;ijAk; mr;rj;ijAk; juhky; mjpHr;rpiaNa jUk;.² vjpHepiyj; jiytd; KOtJk; ey;ytdhfTk;> NeHikahsdhfTk;> Fw;wthspahfTk; mike;J tplf;$lhJ. xOf;ff;NfL kw;Wk; ,opFzq;fshy; mtDf;F mopT Vw;glf; $lhJ. mtdJ jtW my;yJ rQ;ryj;jhy; mtDf;F mopT Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;³ vjpHepiyj; jiytd; xOf;fk;> mwpT Nghd;wdtw;wpy; FiwAilatdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ jtpHf;f Kbahj tifapy; mtid moptpw;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;y Ntz;Lk;⁴ vd;gH.

vjpHepiyj; jiytd; gz;ila rPHik nfl;L tUe;j Ntz;Lk;. Rw;wj;jhiuAk; md;Gf;FupatHfisAk; ,oe;J tUe;jNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa tiuaiwfs; ,uhkfhijapy; ,uhtzDf;Fg; nghUe;JtjhfNt cs;sJ.

“KOJk; ey;ydtw;iwNah KOJk; jPatw;iwNah ,yf;fpak; $wg; GFtjpy;iy@ $wTk; ,ayhJ"⁵ vd;ghH t.Rg.khzpf;fk;. ,jw;Nfw;gNt fk;gDk; ,uhtzid KO ey;ytdhfTk;> KOtJk; nfl;ltdhfTk; gilf;ftpy;iy. ,uhtzid KOtJk; ghtpahff; fk;gd; fUjpapUe;jhy; mtdJ tPo;r;rpapy; ,aw;if mOtJ Nghyg; ghbapUf;fkhl;lhd; ~,uhtzid xU fhg;gpaj; jiytDf;F xg;gNt fk;gd;|⁶ gilj;Js;shd;.

gy ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;j ,uhtzdplk; ~gpwd;kid eaj;jy;| vd;w Fiw kl;LNk cs;sJ. ,f;Fiwia mtd; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;shjjhy; mtdJ tPuKk; jtKk; cldope;jd. ~nfhz;lNj nfhs;if| vd;Dk; gpbthjkhfpa MztKk; ,uhtzdpd; kw;nwhU FiwahFk;. Mjyhy; tpjp kw;Wk; jd; nray;fshy; mtd; jdf;Fj;jhNd mopitj; Njbf; nfhs;fpd;whd;.

“,uhtzd; jtKk; nja;tgf;jpAk; Mz;ikAk; Ml;rpj;jpwDk; Nguhw;wYk; ngUtPuKk; mUq;fiyfspy; Md;w GyikAk;> khdNk ngupnjd kjpj;J thOk; ngUe;jfTk; tha;e;jtd; mtd;"⁷

vd;ghH jh.V.Qhd%Hj;jp. ,uhtzd; rpwe;j kd;ddhfTk;> Ml;rpahsdhfTk;> tPudhfTk;> je;ijahfTk;> mz;zdhfTk; jpfo;e;jtd;. mtdJ Ml;rpapy; ,yq;ifapd; khl;rpiaf; fz;l mDkd;>

“gspf;F khspifj; jye;njhWk; ,le;njhWk; gRe;Njd; 

Jzpf;Fk; fw;gfj; jz;zWQ; Nrhiyfs; NjhWk;

mspf;Fk; NjwYz;L MLeH ghLeH Mfpf;

fspf;fpd;whH myhy; fty;fpd;whH xUtiuf; fhNzd;"⁸

vd;fpd;whd;. ,jdhy; ,uhtzdpd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;ig mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

#Hg;gzif> ,yf;Ftdhy; %f;fWgl;l te;jNghJ> ,uhtzd;> mts; nra;j Fw;wj;ij tprhuiz nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; nrq;Nfhydhf tpsq;Ffpd;whd;. tpgPlzd;> fPijiaf; ftHe;jJ jtW vd ,uhtzDf;F mwpTiu $Wfpd;whd;. Fk;gfUzDk; rPijiaf; ftHe;j ,uhtzd; nra;ifiaf; fLikahfg; gopj;J mwpTiu $Wfpd;whd;. “rpl;lH nray; nra;jpiy@ Fyr;rpWik nra;jha;."⁹ ,jid ,uhtzd; jd; jk;gp kPJs;s ghrj;jhy; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whd;.

,uhk - ,uhtzg;Nghupy; Kjy; Njhw;Wte;j ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfUzd; fz;fspy; nre;ePuhff; fz;zPH ky;fg; NghUf;F mtid mDg;Gfpd;whd;. jd; jk;gp Fk;gfUzd; ,we;j nra;jp Nfl;l ,uhtzd; NtHgwpj;j khkuk; tPo;tJ Nghy tPo;fpd;whd;. mjpfhad; ,we;jNghJ ghrkpf;f xU je;ijapd; czHr;rpf; nfhe;jspg;gpid ,uhtzdplk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,jidf; fk;gd;>

“Vq;fpa tpk;ky; khdk;> ,wq;fpa ,uf;fk; tPuk;>

Xq;fpa ntFsp> Jd;gk; vd;wpit xd;ww;nfhd;W

jhq;fpa juq;fk; Mff; fiuapidj; js;spj;js;sp

thq;fpa fly;Nghy; epd;whd;> mUtpePHtoq;F fz;zhd;"¹⁰

vd;fpd;whd;. khdKk; ghrKk; Nghl;bapLk;NghJ khdj;jpw;fhf ,uhtzd; jd; cwTfisg; gypapLfpd;whd;. ,e;jpurpj;J kuzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; midj;Jk; rPijahy; ele;jd vd tUe;Jfpd;whd;.

,uhtzd; rptdplk; vy;iyaw;w gf;jp nfhz;ltd;@ Md;k typik ngw;wtd;@ rptdb kwthr; rpe;ijad;.

,uhtzd; nraw;ghLfs;

gytpjkhd ,d;dy;fSf;Fk; ,og;GfSf;Fk; Ml;gl;L ,Wjpehs; NghUf;Fg; Gwg;gLk; ,uhtzd; ~<rid> ,ikah Kf;fz; ,iwtid> ,Uikf;F Vw;w g+rid nra;J| Gwg;gLfpd;whd;. Kf;Nfhb tho;ehSk;> vf;Nfhb ahuhYk; nty;yg;glha; vd;w tuKk; ,uhtzDf;F (mud;) rptd; je;jit. ,uhkDld; Nghupl;L kbag;NghFk; ,Wjpehspy; $l ~jpUkiw Gfd;w jhdk;... Ntl;ld Ntl;NlhHf;F vy;yhk; Mrw ey;fpg;| Gwg;gl;l nfhilahsd; ,uhtzd;. mtd; ehujDf;Nf ey;Yiuia eak;gl toq;fpa $Hkjpahsd;.

,t;tsT caHe;jtdhfTk; rpwe;jtdhfTk; jpfo;e;j ,uhtzdplk; ~gpwd;kid eaj;jy;| vd;Dk; jPik Fbnfhz;lJ. ,j;jtW ,uhtzd; tho;f;ifapy; ,ilg;gpw tuyd;W@ Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jtW vdj; njupe;jpUe;Jk; mtd; nra;jJ. fy;tp> jtk;> tPuk;> nfhil> Mz;ik Kjyhd khl;rpikg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xUtd;> jhd; nra;j jtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;shkYk;> mwpe;jgpd;dH khw;wpf; nfhs;shkYk; tPo;r;rpailfpd;whd;.

Nghypj;Jwtpahf khw;WUf;nfhz;L fPijia tQ;rfkhff; ftHe;J te;J mNrhf tdj;jpy; rpiw itj;j ehspypUe;Nj ,uhtzdpd; nray;fSk; Ngr;Rf;fSk; mr;rj;ijAk; ,uf;fj;ijAk; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. J}J nrd;w J}Nahdhfpa mDkhdhy; ,yq;iff;f Vw;gl;l mopit epidj;J ,uhtzd; ke;jpug;glyj;jpy; ,uq;Ffpd;whd;. ~jd;dpuf;fk;| (Self pity) nfhs;fpd;whd;. me;epiyapYk; ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiw nra;j jtw;iw czutpy;iy.

mDkd; ,yq;ifia mopj;jhd;@ Rf;fpuPtd; ,uhtzd; kzpKbiag; gwpj;Jr; nrd;whd;. mij epidj;J tUe;Jk; ,uhtzd; rpijkPJ nfhz;l fhkj;jhy; jdf;F Vw;gl;l gopiaAk; mopitAk; czutpy;iy. jd; gpiof;F KOg;nghWg;igAk; ,uhtzNd Vw;fpd;whd;. ee;jp> Ntjtjp> gpukd; ,l;l rhgq;fisr; Rl;bAk; tpgPlzd; nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;j cz;ikia ,uhtzd; czuhky; Nghdjw;F mtdJ mstwpe;j jd;dk;gpf;ifNa fhuzkhFk;.

jd; Njhy;tpia xg;Gf;nfhs;s ,uhtzDf;F kdkpy;iy. mtd; khDliu nty;y tuk; ngwtpy;iy vd tpgPlzd; epidt+l;baNghJ> NjtHfis nty;tjw;Fg; ngw;w tuj;jpDs; khDliu nty;Yk; jpwDk; mlq;Fk; vd;fpwhd; (fk;guhkh.6.2.101) Kjy;ehs; Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;w ,uhtzd;> ,uhkdJ tPuj;ijg; Gfo;fpd;whd; (fk;guhkh.6.15.19). ~,d;WNgha; ehis th| vd;W ,uhkdhy; NghHf;fsj;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;lij> ,uhtzdpd; jd;dk;gpf;if clNd kwf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Fk;gfUzidg; NghUf;F mDg;gp mtidAk; ,of;fpd;whd;.

,uhtzdpd; tPo;r;rp

,uhtzd; kfd; ,e;jpurpj;J NghHf;ffsj;jpy; jhd;ngw;w mbahy; tUe;jp “cyfk; %d;Wk; ,yf;Ftd; Kbg;gd;jhNd" (fk;guhkh.6.27.4) vd;Wk;> “cd;Nky; fhjyhy; ciuj;Njd; fz;lha;" (fk;guhkh. 6.27.6) vd;Wk;> ,uhtzdplk; tUnghUs; $Wfpd;whd;. ,jw;F ,uhtzd; ~vd;dNa Nehf;fp ahd; ,e;j neLk;gif Njbf; nfhz;Nld;| (fk;guhkh.6.27.8) vd;fpd;whd;. ,J ,uhtzdpd; mty tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. Gfio tpUk;gpa ,uhtzd; Nghiu epWj;j kWj;jhYk;> jd;Dila md;Gkfd; ,e;jpurpj;Jtplk; $Wk; Kiw rupapy;iy. ,uhtzdpd; Ngr;R jk;gpaiuAk; kfidAk; kjpf;fhj nrUf;iff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

msTf;F kPwpa fhkg; Ngr;Rf;fs;> rPijaplk; jd;idj; jho;j;jpf; nfhz;L gzpe;J nfQ;Rk; ciufs;> jd;id md;NghL Nerpj;J mwpTiu $wpatHfis vjpHj;J tPz;ngUik NgRk; Mztr; nrUf;F> jUf;fk; epiwe;j ciuahly;fs;> msTf;F kPwpa jd;dk;gpf;if> msTfle;j jd;dpuf;fk; nfhz;l ,uhtzdpd; Ngr;Rf;fs; ahTk; ,uhtzdpd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.

,uhtzd; vd;Dk; vjpHepiyj; jiytd; #o;epiy fhuzkhfr; rpy jtWfisr; nra;J mopfpd;whd;. Mapuk; kiwg;nghUs; czHe;J mwptike;j ngupatdhfpa ,uhtzd;> rPijapd;ghy; nfhz;l fhkj;jhy; GfioAk; mwpitAk; ,e;jpug; ngUk;gjj;ijAk; ,of;fpd;whd;. mtNdhL njhlHGilNahUk; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ~,oT| (Catastophe) NeupLfpd;wJ. ,uhtzdplkpUe;j gy ew;Fzq;fs; rpwpJrpwpjhf mtDila jPa nray;fshy; mope;J mtidg; gLFopapy; js;Sk; epiyiaf; fhZk;NghJ ,uf;fKk; mr;rKk; Njhd;Wfpw;d.

rPijapd; Nguoifr; #Hg;gzif thapyhff; Nfl;l ,uhtzd; czHtpYk; capupYk; fhkNeha; gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. mtdJ ,e;epiyiaf; fk;gd;>

“kapYilr; rhayhis tQ;rpah Kd;dk; ePz;l

vapYil ,yq;if ehjd; ,jakhk; rpiwapy; itj;jhd;"¹¹

vd;fpd;whd;. ,uhtzd; rPijghy; nfhz;l fhkj;jhy; gopj;jYf;Fupa vjpHepiyj; jiytd; MFk;NghJ> mtd; fhkkhfNt khwptpLfpd;whd;. md;Nw mtd; Gfo; mopaj; njhlq;FfpwJ.

~,uhkd; ,we;jhy; rPijAk; ,wg;ghs;| vdg; NgRk; ,uhtzd; mj;jifa fw;Gila rPij> jd; fztdhfpa ,uhkid tpl;Lj; jd;id Vw;ghsh? vd;gij epidj;Jg; ghHf;f kwe;J tpLfpd;whd;. ,e;j mwpahik mtdJ mopTf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

,uhtzd; epidj;jijr; nrayhf;fpdhd;@ rPijiar; rpiwg;gpbj;jhd;. mj;jPikapd; tpisTfs; mr;rk; jUtdthapd. ,Wjpapy; mtw;iwf; fz;L ,uhtzNd mQ;rpf; fyq;Ffpd;whd;.

~jPtpid eae;jtd;|> ~Fyk;nra;j ghtj;jhNy nfhLk;gif Njbf;nfhz;ltd;|> ~,bf;FeH ,y;yhd;|> ~Ngijaha;f; fhkk; gpbj;Joy;gtd;| vd;nwy;yhk; jd;idr; Rw;wpAs;stHfshy; fzpj;Jg; Ngrg;gl;l ,uhtzidj; jpwdha;thsHfs; mty tPudhff; fz;Ls;sdH.

KbTiu

jhd; nra;j jPikfisj; jhNd mWtil nra;jtd; ,uhtzd;. ,k;ikapYk; kWikapYk; nra;Ak; ghtq;fspy; gopr;nray;fspy; gpwdpy; tpioAk; ghtNk ngupJ. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd; vjpHepiyj; jiytd;. vjpHepiyj; jiytidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G jz;bayq;fhuj;jpy; ,y;iy. vjpHepiyj; jiytidj; jPf;Fzd; (Villain) vdf; fUJk; Nghf;F cs;sJ. jPikapd; tbtkhfj; jpfOk; fijkhe;jHfisj; ~jPf;FzHfs;| vdyhk;@ ,uhtzid xj;j Rj;j tPuidj; jPf;Fzd; vd;gJ nghUe;jhJ.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1.   Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry, Translated by W.Hamilton fyre, p.27

2.   Birjadish Prasad, An Introduction to English Literature, p.21.

3.   Ibid, Pp.22-24.

4.   Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry, Translatd by W.Hamilton Fyre, p.34.

5.   t.Rg.khzpf;fk;> ,yf;fpa tpsf;fk;> g.1.

6.   m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;> ,uhtzd; khl;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;> g.23.

7.   jh.V.fpU\;z%Hj;jp> mty; tPuHfs;> g.165.

8.   fk;guhkhazk;> CHNjL glyk;> gh.vz;.30.

9.   fk;guhkhazk;> 6.2.53

10.  fk;guhkhazk;> 6.17.262.

11.  fk;guhkhazk;> 3.7.84.